The city served as an imperial capital for almost 1600 years: during the Roman/Byzantine (3301204), Latin (12041261), late Byzantine (12611453), and Ottoman (14531922) empires. This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. [332][333] The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the Marmaray Tunnel, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5km length. [327] Trams in Istanbul date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. [136] However, KozyataAtaehir, Altunizade, Kavack and mraniye, all together having around 1.4 million sqm of class-A office space) are now important "edge cities", i.e. [349] Private bus companies still operation to this day. Control of this transmission, and other radio stations established in the following decades, ultimately came under the state-run Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT), which held a monopoly on radio and television broadcasts between its founding in 1964 and 1990. [27][26][28][29] The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE,[30] On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. Apart from the city's numerous stadiums, sports halls and concert halls, there are several open-air venues for concerts and festivals, such as the Cemil Topuzlu Open-Air Theatre in Harbiye, Paraf Kurueme Open-Air on the Bosphorus shore in Kurueme, and Parkorman in the forest of Maslak. Inalcik, Halil. Since Istanbul is a transcontinental city. [16], Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. Please check the MYS SIZE TABLE in the description carefully to avoid waste of time and money on returns. [14] Istanbul and Antalya are Turkey's two largest international gateways, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. [236], By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. [177], Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. [15] Istanbul has three major shipping ports the Port of Haydarpaa, the Port of Ambarl, and the Port of Zeytinburnu as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. [286][287], Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. [284][unreliable source?] Maslak, Levent, and Bomonti are important nodes within the CBD. Modern authors have linked it to the Thracian toponym Lygos,[31] mentioned by Pliny the Elder as an earlier name for the site of Byzantium. All scheduled commercial passenger flights were transferred from Istanbul Atatrk Airport to Istanbul Airport on 6 April 2019, following the closure of Istanbul Atatrk Airport for scheduled passenger flights. [12] The city played a key role in the advancement of Christianity during Roman/Byzantine times, hosting four (including Chalcedon (Kadky) on the Asian side) of the first seven ecumenical councils (all of which were in present-day Turkey) before its transformation to an Islamic stronghold following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 CEespecially after becoming the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1517. [335] Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating 2.2 million passenger trips each day. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 23, (1969): 22949. The majority of the Catholic Levantines (Turkish: Levanten) in Istanbul and Izmir are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and Venice) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. [362] Bluefish, bonito, sea bass, horse mackerel and anchovies composes the economically important species. It experiences cool winters with frequent precipitation, and warm to hot (mean temperature peaking at 20C (68F) to 25C (77F) in August, depending on location), moderately dry summers. "Urban flora and ecological characteristics of the Kartal District (Istanbul): A contribution to urban ecology in Turkey". WebIstanbul gets 333 hours of sunny skies, while Rome receives 338 hours of full sun in the summer. [89], Istanbul is located in north-western Turkey and straddles the straitBosporus, which provides the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara. Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the city's foodscape has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as kebab taking an important place in the food scene. Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's Metro FM (97.2 FM). [176] Ali Yerlikaya has been the Governor of Istanbul Province since 26 October 2018. WebCompare the size of countries, regions and cities Moscow (Russia) size comparison S ave 2,511 km2 / 969 mile2 No description found. [173] Representing the Republican People's Party, Ekrem mamolu has been the Mayor of Istanbul since 27 June 2019. Chestnut, oak, elm, linden, ash and locust comprises the most prominent tree genera. [148] The Roman emperor Constantius II (r. 337361 CE) had it and another obelisk transported along the River Nile to Alexandria for commemorating his ventennalia or 20 years on the throne in 357. ; to palaces like the Great Palace of Constantinople and its Mosaic Museum, the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus, Boukoleon Palace and Palace of Blachernae; and other public places and buildings like the Hippodrome, the Augustaion, the Basilica Cistern, Theodosius Cistern, Cistern of Philoxenos and Cistern of the Hebdomon, the Aqueduct of Valens, the Prison of Anemas, the Walls of Constantinople and the Porta Aurea (Golden Gate), among numerous others. The Grand Bazaar, in operation since 1461, is among the world's oldest and largest covered markets. [48] During most of the Middle Ages, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. Sabiha Gken International, 45 kilometers (28mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatrk. [263][264][265] Galatasaray and Fenerbahe have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahe based in the Anatolian part of the city. Byzantine Empire 3951204 When it was held for the first time in 2003, the annual Istanbul Pride became the first gay pride event in a Muslim-majority country. Latin Empire 12041261 [262] Galatasaray SK and Fenerbahe SK have fared better in international competitions and have won more Sper Lig titles, at 22 and 19 times, respectively. [243] Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film Turkish dramas and comedies. Fares across modes are integrated, using the contactless Istanbulkart, introduced in 2009, or the older Akbil electronic ticket device. [344][345] After Istanbul's Haydarpaa Terminal opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the Hejaz Railway; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. [303], The Silahtaraa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. [19] Constantinople comes from the Latin name Constantinus, after Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE. It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the largest city in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by London. [148] The lower part of the obelisk was damaged in antiquity, probably during its transport to Alexandria in 357 CE or during its re-erection at the Hippodrome of Constantinople in 390 CE. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;[356] the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after Airports Council International named it the world's fastest-growing airport. [153] The minarets date from that period. The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. The state-run Radio 3, although based in Ankara, also features English-language popular music, and English-language news programming is provided on NTV Radyo (102.8 FM). The Ottoman Parliament was dissolved by the Allies on 11 April 1920 and the Ottoman delegation led by Damat Ferid Pasha was forced to sign the Treaty of Svres on 10 August 1920. Kumkap along the Sea of Marmara has a pedestrian zone that hosts around fifty fish restaurants. [210] In marked contrast to Jews in Europe, Ottoman Jews were allowed to work in any profession. The most native taxa were in the Asteraceae family (50 species), while the most diverse exotic plant family was Rosaceae (16 species).[361]. ", Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirlilii ve Salk Etkileri, "Major cities blighted by nitrogen dioxide pollution, research finds | Air pollution", Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 14531924, Website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos from 1946, 1966, 1970, 1982, 2006, 2011 and 2013, Museum of Science and Technology in Islam, Population distribution and settlement in Turkey, Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istanbul&oldid=1133395167, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey, Archaeological sites in the Marmara Region, Populated places established in the 7th century BC, Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list, Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list, Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr), Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with disputed statements from July 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Pages using largest cities with nav class, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 15:41. [62] On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. [84] On 29 October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey declared the establishment of the Turkish Republic, with Ankara as its capital. The Hagia Sophia, topped by a dome 31 meters (102ft) in diameter over a square space defined by four arches, is the pinnacle of Byzantine architecture. 30 million. [320] The O-7[321] or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of the world's largest city until the 1 As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named Nova Roma; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. More arrivals per year shows how important the city is viewed internationally, and may indicate better infrastructure, such as airports, public transport, [349] New stations to replace both the Haydarpaa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, now the Marmaray second phase opened to the public. [196] Following Turkey's support for the Arab Spring, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the Arab world, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including Jamal Khashoggi), Syria, and Yemen. Altay, Volkan; Ouml, Brahim Lker; zyiit; Yarci, Celal (31 January 2010). WebWith a total population of around fifteen million residents in its metropolitan area, Istanbul is one of the world's largest cities by population, standing as the world's fifteenth-largest [275] Several other indoor arenas, including the Beikta Akatlar Arena, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. [44], Constantine the Great effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire in September 324. "Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Sultan Abdulaziz and the Beylerbeyi Palace", Filiz Yeniehirliolu. Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and zmir editions. According to survey data 78% of the voting-age Turkish citizens in Istanbul state "Turkish" as their ethnic identity. The Municipal Council is responsible for citywide issues, including managing the budget, maintaining civic infrastructure, and overseeing museums and major cultural centers. [268] kr Saracolu Stadium, Fenerbahe's home field, hosted the 2009 UEFA Cup Final three years after its completion. It [49] Constantine also undertook a major renovation and expansion of the Hippodrome of Constantinople; accommodating tens of thousands of spectators, the hippodrome became central to civic life and, in the 5th and 6th centuries, the center of episodes of unrest, including the Nika riots. Its only cheap for tourists. [58] Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair,[59] and its population had dwindled to a hundred thousand from half a million during the 8th century. By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. [240] These museums have yet to attain the popularity of older museums on the historic peninsula, including the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, which ushered in the era of modern museums in Turkey, and the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum. Along the European side, and close to the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, is Emirgan Park, which was known as the Kyparades (Cypress Forest) during the Byzantine period. [18] Some Ottoman sources of the 17th century, such as Evliya elebi, describe it as the common Turkish name of the time; between the late 17th and late 18th centuries, it was also in official use. [357][358] Atatrk had also experienced rapid growth, as its 20.6 percent rise in passenger traffic between 2011 and 2012 was the highest among the world's top 30 airports. The obelisk that would become the Obelisk of Theodosius remained in Alexandria until 390 CE, when Theodosius I (r. 379395 CE) had it transported to Constantinople and put up on the spina of the Hippodrome there. It is also larger in size and has a lower population density, although the overall population of Istanbul is significantly higher than that of London. [83] The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 and the Allies occupied Constantinople on 13 November 1918. 1551 people/km vs 2662 people/km 3.68$ cheaper monthly public transport ticket? [337], DO (Istanbul Seabuses) runs a combination of all-passenger ferries and car-and-passenger ferries to ports on both sides of the Bosphorus, as far north as the Black Sea. The other obelisk was erected on the spina of the Circus Maximus in Rome in the autumn of that year, and is now known as the Lateran Obelisk. A married women is also registered to her husband's province. [293] Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 90 percent of the country's population, but only Radio 2 is based in Istanbul. [141] The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with the new Istanbul Airport, opened in 2019; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5million people. Istanbul Province sends 98 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. [15] Several picturesque islandsBykada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, Knalada, and five smaller islandsare part of the city. [96] Another effect of Istanbul's maritime position is its persistently high dew points, near-saturation morning humidity,[97] and frequent fog,[98][95] which also limits Istanbul's sunshine hours to levels closer to Western Europe,[99] and gives the city its noticeable seasonal lag; Istanbul is one of the few cities in the temperate Northern Hemisphere where March is, on average, colder than December. mirrors -- cm 147.4 cm Height 1 157.1 cm +9.7 257 WebClick here for conversions of: Length, Area, Weight or Volume Click here for conversions of: Temperature and Energy Units Click here for conversions of: Clothing and Shoes (men, women, children) Length, Area, Weight, Volume Conversion Temperature and Energy Conversion Clothing and Shoe Conversion Country Overview Country Facts Public Holidays [25], Byzantium 667 BC510 BC These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. [229], In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul moved its headquarters (which was originally located on Bankalar Caddesi, the financial center of the Ottoman Empire,[229] and later at the 4th Vakf Han building in Sirkeci) to stinye, in the vicinity of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish banks. [26] The oldest known human settlement on the Asian side is the Fikirtepe Mound near Kadky, with relics dating to c. 5500-3500 BCE (Chalcolithic period). [210] Sympathetic to the plight of Sephardic Jews, Bayezid II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands. [18] Modern excavations have raised the possibility that the name Byzantium might reflect the sites of native Thracian settlements that preceded the fully-fledged town. Galatasaray High School was established in 1481 and is the oldest public high school in Turkey.[298]. 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